Silver compounds

Silver compounds have been used for their antimicrobial properties since ancient times, with historical use in wound treatment and food preservation [1]. Modern commercial development of silver compounds as antimicrobial agents accelerated in the 20th century, with widespread industrial application beginning in the 1970s. Silver nanoparticles emerged as a particularly important antimicrobial technology in the 1990s and 2000s, finding application in medical devices, textiles, water treatment, and consumer products [2]. The explosion in nanotechnology applications of silver created new exposure pathways and raised concerns about the safety of novel silver compound forms. Today, silver compounds are among the most widely used antimicrobials globally, found in countless consumer and industrial products, making understanding their toxicology increasingly important [3].

Workers in silver compound manufacturing and processing face occupational exposure through inhalation and dermal contact. Medical device manufacturers encounter exposure during product assembly. Consumers are exposed through silver-containing textiles, water treatment systems, and consumer products. Dental workers experience exposure during silver amalgam handling. Environmental exposure occurs through wastewater containing silver compounds.

Silver compounds cause local irritation and sensitization of skin and mucous membranes. Systemic absorption of silver or silver ions leads to argyria (permanent blue-gray skin discoloration) with chronic exposure. Potential effects on immune function and inflammatory responses are documented. Nanosilver particles may have unique toxicity properties distinct from bulk silver. Occupational exposure can cause respiratory sensitization and potential systemic effects.

Manufacturing and industrial workers handling silver compounds face the highest occupational exposure. Medical and dental professionals encounter exposure through devices and materials. Consumers using silver-containing textiles and products experience low-level chronic exposure. Vulnerable populations include individuals with silver sensitivity and pre-existing skin conditions.