PM2.5 Primary (Filt + Cond)

Vehicle exhaust, power plants and industrial boilers, wood stoves, wildfires, cooking, and construction/dust (direct emissions) [1][2].

Breathing outdoor and indoor air—levels are higher near traffic and industry, during wildfires, and PM2.5 can leak indoors [1][3].

Can trigger asthma attacks, heart attacks and strokes; worsens chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); harms pregnancy outcomes; raises lung cancer risk [1][2][4].

Children, older adults, people with heart or lung disease, pregnant people, outdoor workers, and communities near busy roads or industry [1][2][3].

Check the Air Quality Index; limit strenuous outdoor activity on bad-air days; use a HEPA air cleaner; keep windows closed and HVAC on recirculate; wear a well-fitted N95 in smoke; avoid burning [1][2][3].