Where It Comes From
PFAS manufacturing (e.g., fluoropolymer production), industrial wastewater, firefighting foams, and degradation of other PFAS; can reach rivers and groundwater [1][2].
How You Are Exposed
Drinking contaminated tap or well water, eating contaminated food, indoor dust, and some workplaces (PFAS production, metal plating, firefighting) [1][2].
Why It Matters
PFAS don’t readily break down and can build up in people; some PFAS are linked to immune effects, higher cholesterol, liver and thyroid changes, pregnancy effects, and cancer (PFOA) [1][3][4].
Who Is at Risk
People near PFAS facilities or airports/bases, private well users, workers handling PFAS, pregnant people, infants and young children [1][2].
How to Lower Your Exposure
Check local water advisories; consider NSF-certified activated carbon or reverse-osmosis filters shown to reduce PFAS; use bottled water if advised; reduce household dust; avoid stain-/water-repellent treatments; follow workplace safety guidance [1][2][5].
References
- [1]ATSDR. PFAS and Your Health. https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/pfas/health-effects/index.html
- [2]EPA. PFAS Explained. https://www.epa.gov/pfas/pfas-explained
- [3]NTP. Monograph on Immunotoxicity of PFOA and PFOS. https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/ohat/pfoa_pfos/monograph_pfoa_pfos_508.pdf
- [4]IARC. PFOA carcinogenic; PFOS possibly carcinogenic (Press Release 264, 2023). https://www.iarc.who.int/news-events/iarc-monographs-on-the-identification-of-carcinogenic-hazards-to-humans-volume-135-perfluorooctanoic-acid-pfoa-and-perfluorooctane-sulfonic-acid-pfos/
- [5]ATSDR. Reduce your exposure to PFAS. https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/pfas/health-effects/exposure.html