Nitrous Oxide

Leaks from medical/dental anesthesia systems and cylinders; veterinary clinics; compressed-gas ‘whippet’ cartridges and recreational use; smaller amounts from vehicle/performance uses and general outdoor air (from agriculture) [1][2][4].

Breathing it at work (healthcare, dental, veterinary) or during misuse; being in poorly ventilated rooms where it’s used; rarely, low background levels outdoors [1][2][4].

Short-term: headache, dizziness, numbness, poor coordination, and at very high levels, loss of consciousness/asphyxiation [1][2]. Long-term, repeated exposure can inactivate vitamin B12 (causing anemia and nerve damage) and is linked to reduced fertility and miscarriage in inadequately controlled workplaces [1][3]. It also contributes to climate change and ozone layer damage [4].

Pregnant workers; people with low vitamin B12 (e.g., pernicious anemia, vegan diets); those who misuse it; workers without effective scavenging/ventilation [1][2][3].

Avoid recreational use; ensure active scavenging, leak testing, and ventilation in care settings; use tight‑fitting masks and proper cylinder handling; monitor workplace levels; seek medical care if neurologic symptoms after heavy exposure [1][2][3].