Where It Comes From
Forms when chlorine reacts with natural organic matter and bromide in water; also made/used as a chemical intermediate in manufacturing [1][2].
How You Are Exposed
Mainly by drinking treated tap water; also from foods made with that water. Workers may be exposed during manufacturing or lab use [1][2].
Why It Matters
Concentrated MBAA can burn skin/eyes. In animals, repeated ingestion affected the nervous system, liver, and development; agencies set drinking-water limits for haloacetic acids to reduce risk [1][2][3][4].
Who Is at Risk
People using chlorinated water with higher bromide (coastal/brackish sources), infants, pregnant people, and workers handling MBAA [1][2][4].
How to Lower Your Exposure
Check your water system’s Consumer Confidence Report; use reverse osmosis or activated-carbon filtration for DBP reduction; use cold tap water for cooking/drinking; follow workplace PPE and ventilation guidance [2][4].
References
- [1]ATSDR. Toxicological Profile for Haloacetic Acids. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2021.
- [2]EPA. Disinfection Byproducts in Drinking Water; National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (DBPR/HAA5).
- [3]EPA IRIS. Bromoacetic acid (CASRN 79-08-3). Integrated Risk Information System, U.S. EPA.
- [4]WHO. Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality: Disinfection by-products (including haloacetic acids), 4th ed. (with addenda).