Where It Comes From
Leaks/releases from refrigeration and air-conditioning systems, some aerosols, and industrial processes; older equipment due to phase-out schedules. [2][3]
How You Are Exposed
Breathing contaminated indoor air near leaking equipment; during installation, service or disposal; accidental releases in small, poorly ventilated spaces; skin/eye contact with the cold liquid. [1][2]
Why It Matters
Short-term high exposure can cause dizziness, headache, confusion, loss of coordination, fainting, and dangerous heart rhythm changes; liquid contact can cause frostbite; heating/burning can release toxic gases like hydrogen fluoride and hydrogen chloride; it also depletes ozone. [1][2][3]
Who Is at Risk
Refrigeration technicians and workers in tight or poorly ventilated areas; people with heart disease or using stimulants; children and pets in small rooms. [1][2]
How to Lower Your Exposure
Maintain equipment and fix leaks promptly; use certified technicians; increase ventilation and use leak detection; leave the area during a release; never intentionally inhale refrigerants; keep cylinders cool and upright, away from heat/flames. [1][3]
References
- [1]CDC/NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards: Chlorotetrafluoroethane (HCFC-124; Refrigerant R-124). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/
- [2]ATSDR. ToxFAQs for Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaqs/
- [3]U.S. EPA. Phasing Out Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) and Refrigerant Management. Environmental Protection Agency. https://www.epa.gov/ods-phaseout