Where It Comes From
Made as an intermediate for azo dyes, rubber antioxidants, and curing agents; may enter the environment from manufacturing and processing sites [1][2].
How You Are Exposed
Mainly at work—handling powders, dusts, or solutions; skin contact or inhaling emissions. Nearby residents may be exposed via air or water if releases occur [1][2][3].
Why It Matters
Can be absorbed through skin; may irritate and affect the liver and blood. Long-term studies in animals report tumors, indicating potential cancer risk [2][3].
Who Is at Risk
Dye and rubber workers, maintenance/cleanup crews, lab staff, and people living near poorly controlled facilities [1][2][3].
How to Lower Your Exposure
Use closed systems, local exhaust, and chemical-resistant gloves/clothing; wash up after handling and monitor air/skin exposure. In communities, follow water/air advisories and report spills or odors to local authorities [1][3].
References
- [1]U.S. EPA CompTox Chemicals Dashboard: 4,4'-Thiodianiline (CASRN 139-65-1). https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID1020602
- [2]PubChem Compound Summary: 4,4'-Thiodianiline (CID 68078). https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/68078
- [3]European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) Substance Information: 4,4'-Thiodianiline. https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.003.224