Where It Comes From
Made and used in dye/pigment manufacturing; can enter air, water, or soil from industrial releases and waste disposal [1].
How You Are Exposed
Breathing dust or vapors at work, skin contact with powders or contaminated surfaces, or contact with contaminated soil/sediment or water near facilities or waste sites [1][5].
Why It Matters
Classified as reasonably anticipated to cause cancer by NTP and possibly carcinogenic by IARC; evidence includes bladder and liver tumors (mostly in animals). It can also irritate skin/eyes and affect the liver [1][2][3][4].
Who Is at Risk
Workers making or using dyes/pigments, maintenance and cleanup crews, waste handlers, and people living near contaminated sites [1][5].
How to Lower Your Exposure
At work, use closed systems, local exhaust, protective gloves/clothing, and wash-up routines. In communities, heed site advisories, avoid disturbing contaminated soil/sediment, and keep indoor dust down with wet cleaning [1][5].
References
- [1]ATSDR. Toxicological Profile for 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine (incl. dihydrochloride).
- [2]NTP. Report on Carcinogens: 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine (and salts).
- [3]IARC Monographs. 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine and its salts (Group 2B).
- [4]EPA IRIS. 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine assessment.
- [5]CDC/NIOSH. Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards: 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine dihydrochloride.