Where It Comes From
Treated textiles, carpets, upholstery, leather, paper food packaging, paints, and sealants; manufacturing and application sites. [2]
How You Are Exposed
Indoor dust and air from treated products; contact with treated clothing or furniture; contaminated drinking water near production or waste sites; food contact materials. [1][3]
Why It Matters
Some PFAS are linked to higher cholesterol, lower vaccine response, developmental and reproductive effects; PFOA is classified carcinogenic to humans (IARC). The polymer is large but can shed or transform into these PFAS over time. [1][4]
Who Is at Risk
Workers in textile, paper, and coating plants; infants and children (dust, hand-to-mouth); pregnant people; communities near PFAS facilities or contaminated water. [1][3]
How to Lower Your Exposure
Choose PFAS-free or “fluorine-free” products; ventilate and clean dust with a HEPA vacuum or damp cloth; follow local water advisories and use filters certified for PFAS (activated carbon or reverse osmosis); follow local disposal guidance. [2][1][3]
References
- [1]ATSDR. Toxicological Profile for Perfluoroalkyls (Perfluoroalkyl Substances). 2021. https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp200.pdf
- [2]U.S. EPA. Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS). https://www.epa.gov/pfas
- [3]WHO. PFOS and PFOA in drinking-water: Background document. 2022. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240041302
- [4]IARC. Monographs Vol. 135: PFOA (Group 1) and PFOS (Group 2B). 2023. https://www.iarc.who.int/news-events/iarc-monographs-evaluate-the-carcinogenicity-of-perfluorooctanoic-acid-pfoa-and-perfluorooctanesulfonic-acid-pfos/