1,3-Propanediol, 2,2-bis[[(γ-ω-perfluoro-C6-12-alkyl)thio]methyl] derivs., polymers with 2,2-bis[[(γ-ω-perfluoro-C10-20-alkyl)thio]methyl]-1,3-propanediol, 1,6-diisocyanato-2,2,4(or 2,4,4)-trimethylhexane, 2-heptyl-3,4-bis(9-isocyanatononyl)-1-pentylcyclohexane and 2,2'-(methylimino)bis[ethanol]

Water/oil-repellent treatments for textiles, carpets, leather, paper, and industrial coatings; waterproofing sprays and finishing processes [2].

Using or spraying repellents; contact with treated products; indoor dust; drinking water, soil, or air near manufacturing or waste sites [1][2].

Many PFAS persist for years; some (like PFOA/PFOS) are linked to increased cholesterol, immune and liver effects, developmental harms, and cancer (PFOA) [1][4].

Workers using sprays/resins; people near PFAS facilities or contaminated water; pregnant people, infants, and children (PFAS cross the placenta, occur in breast milk, and kids ingest more dust) [1][3].

Choose PFAS-free or untreated products; avoid waterproofing sprays or use outdoors with ventilation and PPE; damp-dust/HEPA vacuum; wash hands before eating; check local water; consider certified activated carbon or reverse-osmosis filters; follow fish advisories [2][3].